Introduction
This fungal infection is caused by Sporothrix schenkii (thanks to biomedical.med.sc.edu for this microscopic image), a pathogen that is found in garden plants such as rose bushes, moss varieties, barberry bushes and mulches.
The spores enter the body via cuts or abrasions of the skin, which is the reason why horticulturists, gardeners, forest and farm workers are at a higher risk to get this infection. When in the body, this pathogen causes a nodule that ulcerates and does not want to heal.
Instead the pathogen spreads through lymphatic drainage to regional lymph glands that in turn get infected and lead to festering deep sores. These fester their way to the surface causing chronically draining abscesses and ulcerations. Untreated the patient would die from bacterial sepsis and systemic fungal infection.
Signs and Symptoms
The symptoms center around the site of primary infection where there first is a non-tender pimple like primary lesion where there was a puncture wound on a foot or hand.
A few days or weeks later the lymphatic vessels and the regional lymph glands of the area are swollen and when not too far from the surface the overlying skin will redden, abscess and ulcerate. Bacterial superinfection tends to set in. The strange part perhaps is that even after weeks of this no systemic symptoms such as fever or malaise occur and that systemic spread tends to not happen from the skin or lymphatic infection with sporotrichosis. On rare occasions there are a few cases of systemic sporotrichosis where many joints are infected with symptoms of arthritis, with bone infection, occasionally also liver, kidney and meningeal membrane infection (meningitis). In patients with pre-existing chronic lung disease inhaling spores may occasionally cause pulmonary sporotrichosis, which can then lead to infiltrates in the lung tissue and cavity formation, which has to be separated from tuberculosis.
Diagnostic Tests
The only reliable test is to culture samples from the site where the active infection is for sporotrichosis. Other similar looking lesions from other diseases such as tuberculosis, nocardiosis or spider bite injuries have to be ruled out.
Sporotrichosis (Petri Dish Culture)
Treatment
The treatment of choice for sporotrichosis is oral itraconazole (brand name: Sporanox), which is very effective for local cases. Systemic sporotrichosis is treated with intravenous amphotericin B. In these cases longer suppressive therapy may have to be given with oral itraconazole to prevent relapses (Ref. 1, p. 1218).
References:
1.The Merck Manual, 7th edition, by M. H. Beer s et al., Whitehouse Station, N.J., 1999. Chapter 158.
2.The Merck Manual, 7th edition, by M. H. Beers et al., Whitehouse Station, N.J., 1999. Chapter 113.
3. The Merck Manual, 7th edition, by M. H. Beers et al., Whitehouse Station, N.J., 1999. Chapter 164.
4.David Heymann, MD, Editor: Control of Communicable Diseases Manual, 18th Edition, 2004, American Public Health Association.
