Anemia is a condition in which the number of healthy red blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin is lower than normal. Because red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body, anemia can reduce the supply of oxygen to tissues and organs, leading to tiredness and other symptoms.

Symptoms and Everyday Impact

Common symptoms of anemia include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath with exertion, reduced exercise tolerance, pale skin, and a tendency to feel cold. Some individuals experience dizziness, headaches, or a rapid heartbeat, especially when standing up quickly or during physical activity.

Diagnosis usually begins with a medical history, a physical examination, and blood tests. A complete blood count often reveals whether red blood cell numbers, size, and hemoglobin levels fall below expected ranges. Additional tests may be ordered to look for underlying causes such as blood loss, nutritional deficiencies, or chronic disease.

There are many forms of anemia. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common and can result from blood loss, increased needs, or inadequate intake or absorption of iron. Other types include vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease, hemolytic anemia, and anemia related to inherited conditions that affect hemoglobin or red blood cell structure.

Testing may include measurements of serum iron, ferritin, vitamin B12, folate, and markers of inflammation, as well as evaluation for blood loss in the gastrointestinal or gynecologic tract. The choice of tests depends on the person’s age, history, and overall health status and is typically guided by a qualified health professional.

Clarifying the type and cause of anemia is essential because treatment focuses on correcting the underlying problem, whether that involves nutritional support, management of chronic illness, or other specific interventions.